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世界新年传统8:为什么中国人过年要给压岁钱？

[本期内容]

Chinese New Year Dishes

中国过年必吃的八道菜。

Written by Amanda Xi

（原文地址：https://chinesenewyear.net/food/)

Translated and edited by Spark Liao

Family is the foundation of China society, which can be seen from the importance of New Year's Eve.

家庭是中国社会的基础，从年夜饭(年夜饭或团圆饭)被赋予的意义可见一斑。

This feast is extremely important to the people of China. All family members must come back. Even if they really can't, the rest of the family will vacate their place and put a spare set of tableware for them.

这个节日对中国人民来说非常重要。所有家庭成员必须回家团聚。就算真的回不了家，家里也会给他们留座位，给他们准备一套餐具。

In the legend of the origin of the Spring Festival, this is the time when the monster "Nian" will come to intimidate the village. People will hide at home, prepare a feast for their ancestors and gods, and expect the best results.

在关于春节起源的传说中，据说一个叫“年”的怪物会来村子里吓唬村民。村民们会躲在家里，准备盛宴，祭祀祖先和神灵，祈求来年好运。

Food is one of the things that the Chinese take the most pride in. And of course, lots of care and thought is put into the menu for the most important holiday of the year.

食物是中国人最自豪的东西之一。当然，在一年中最重要的节日里，人们也会在菜单上竭尽全力。

As with Chinese New Year activities and decorations, the dishes are created to give blessings for the next year. Both the names and looks are symbols of wishes for prosperity, happiness and auspiciousness.

像中国的新年活动和装饰一样，菜肴是为了给来年带来祝福。菜肴的名称和形状象征着繁荣、幸福和好运的愿望。

Though every region (even household) have different customs, there are some common dishes seen on every table.

虽然每个地区(甚至每个家庭)都有不同的习俗，但每个家庭的餐桌上都有一些共同的菜肴。

1. Spring rolls (Spring rolls)

Egg rolls are probably the most famous Chinese food. However, they are actually "spring rolls". In southern China, people eat moon cakes during the Spring Festival to celebrate the arrival of spring. More specifically, they eat (beginning of spring) on the first day of spring. They can appear on the table as dinner, appetizers or snacks.

蛋卷可能是最著名的中国食物。然而，它们实际上是“春卷”。在中国南方，人们在春节期间吃月饼来庆祝春天的到来。更具体地说，它们是在春天的第一天吃的。它们可以作为主食、开胃菜或小吃出现在餐桌上。

Most are familiar with the deep fried version of spring rolls. Throughout China, they can also be steamed or baked. Size and shape vary from small rectangles to large flat circles.

大多数人都熟悉油炸春卷。它们也可以在中国各地蒸或烤。它们的大小和形状各不相同，从小的长方形到大的扁圆形。

In the Jin Dynasty (about 265-420), people put spring rolls and vegetables on a plate. This is the so-called spring platter. During the Spring Festival, the emperor will reward officials with large plates. It is said that each plate is worth thousands of pounds.

在晋代(约265-420)，人们把春卷和蔬菜放在盘子里。这就是所谓的弹簧板。在春节期间，皇帝会给官员们举行一次春季宴会。据说每个春菜都值几千。

Spring roll skins are made of flour, water and some salt. The filling depends on your personal taste. Traditionally, the filling is made of pork, Chinese cabbage, shiitake, carrots and seasoning.

春卷是由面粉、水和一些盐制成的。馅料看个人口味。传统上，馅料由猪肉、大白菜、蘑菇、胡萝卜和调味料制成。

For those with a sweet tooth, there are Shangainese style red bean paste spring rolls. Now, there are even ice cream fillings!

爱吃甜食的人，有上海风味的豆沙馅春卷。现在，甚至还有冰淇淋馅的春卷！

To make, create the filling of your choice. Place around 2 spoons onto the center of the spring roll skin. Tuck in the sides and roll it up, sealing the edges with egg whites. Finish by throwing them into the deep fryer until the skin is golden and crispy.

如果想做春卷，可以根据自己的选择做馅。春卷皮中间放两勺左右馅。把两边卷起来，用蛋白封边。最后丢入油锅炸至表皮金黄酥脆。

2. jiaozi (jiaozi)

Another famous dish, jiaozi is a spring roll in the north. Every special occasion will eat moon cakes, but the most important thing is the Lunar New Year. How many jiaozi! But there are good reasons.

另一道名菜是饺子，相当于北方的春卷。在每一个特殊的场合都会吃元宵，但是在中国新年期间元宵是最重要的。人们会吃很多饺子！这背后有一个很好的理由。

In China, jiaozi (jiaozi) sounds like a lover. Cross means "exchange" and the child is at midnight. Put together, the cross is the exchange of the old and new years. At this time, all jiaozi should be wrapped. By eating jiaozi, you are sending away the old and welcoming the new.

在中文里，“饺子”听起来像“饺子”。交叉手指“交换”，“孩子”的意思是“午夜”。综合起来，“饺子”意味着旧的一年和新的一年的交替。这个时候所有的饺子都要包好。吃饺子意味着“辞旧迎新”。

There are too many kinds of fillings to count. You can eat any meat, vegetables and flavors you like. Usually, they include Chinese cabbage, green onions, pork and shrimp (similar to spring rolls).

饺子的馅料数不胜数，你可以选择任何你喜欢的肉、蔬菜和口味。通常馅料有大白菜、小葱、猪肉、虾(类似春卷)。

In Suzhou, egg stuffing is a must. Jiaozi symbolizes silver ingots, while eggs are gold. Meat and bamboo stuffing are called silk, which means everything you need will be available. Some people also put a coin in a random jiaozi. Whoever eats it will have good luck that year.

在苏州，鸡蛋馅是必须的。饺子象征银锭，蛋黄象征黄金。肉馅和笋馅被称为齐琦肉丝，意思是什么都需要。有些人还会在饺子里随意放一枚硬币。谁吃了它，谁来年就会有好运。

In addition to the joy of eating delicious food, the making process is a family bonding activity too. During New Year preparations, every member of the family participates and wraps dumplings. In certain regions, the daughter-in-law must make a dumpling to be considered part of the family.

除了吃美食的乐趣，制作美食的过程也是维系亲情的活动。在准备新年的过程中，每个家庭成员都会参加饺子。在一些地区，媳妇必须照顾饺子才能被视为家庭的一员。

3. Noodles (long noodles)

In some places, it is a custom for jiaozi to cook noodles together. It's called a gold ingot. This is another dish to express people's wishes for prosperity.

在一些地方，人们习惯用面条煮饺子，这被称为金线和金元宝。但是面条是表达人们繁荣愿望的另一道菜。

Although the origin of noodles is controversial, there is no doubt that noodles are a staple food in China cooking. At first, they were called "soup pancakes". People would tear the dough into small pieces and throw them into the pot. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that people began to roll them into the shape of noodles we know today.

虽然面条的起源有争议，但毫无疑问，面条是中国人的主食。起初，它们被称为“汤饼”。人们会把面团撕成小块，扔进锅里。直到唐代，人们才开始将它们卷成我们今天所知道的面条形状。

For China New Year, people like to eat long noodles. They are also called longevity noodles, which means "longevity noodles". You are not allowed to cut them or chew them. The longer the noodles, the longer your life will be. This requires a lot of tutting.

在中国新年，人们喜欢吃长面条。它们也被称为长寿面，意思是“长寿面”。不能切也不能嚼。面条越长，你的寿命就越长。吃面条的时候需要吸一会儿。

With noodles, there is great flexibility for sides and ingredients. Many vegetables and meats have symbolic meanings as well. For example:

有了面条，食材和辅料的选择就有了很大的灵活性。许多蔬菜和肉类也有象征意义。例如：

Eggs: big and healthy family

Lobster: endless money rolling in

Shrimp: fortune and wealth

Roasted pig: peace

Duck: loyalty

Peaches: longevity

Tofu: happiness and fortune for the entire family

Fish: surplus and wealth

鸡蛋：健康的大家庭

龙虾：有钱。

虾：好运和财富。

烤猪：和平

鸭子：忠诚。

桃子：长寿

豆腐：全家人的幸福和好运

鱼：剩余和财富

4. Steamed fish (steamed fish)

Fish is a necessity for the New Year in China. Why do fish symbolize surplus and wealth? In China, the pronunciation of fish and fish (y) means "surplus" or "extra". The typical blessing is to have more than one year (Nin nin yuy). I wish you a surplus of food (or fish) every year and money every year.

在中国，鱼是新年的必备食物。为什么鱼象征着盈余和财富？在汉语中，“余”的读音与“余”相同，“余”的意思是“多余的”或“多余的”。典型的问候是“你好你好”，

用来表示希望每年都有多余的食物和钱。

Half of the fish is eaten for dinner, and the second half the next day. This is to prolong the surplus and make the future prosperous as well. A whole fish also represents a harmonious and whole family.

一半的鱼是晚餐吃的，另一半是留到第二天吃的。这是为了延长盈余的时间，使来年更兴旺。整条鱼也代表一个和谐完整的家庭。

Some would cook a bigheaded carp. But only the middle would be eaten, while the head and tail are left intact. The Chinese phrase is 有头有尾(yu tu yu wi) - to have both a head and tail. This is a reminder to finish everything you start and wish for positive results. During dinner, the fish head should be placed facing the guests.

有些人会煮一条鳙鱼。但只有中间部分会被吃掉，而头部和尾部则完好无损。汉语里有个习语叫做“有头有尾”——既有头又有尾。这是在提醒你完成你开始的一切，并祈愿取得积极的结果。晚餐时，鱼头应面向客人。

In Hunan, red peppers are added after broiling the fish. Red is a festive and lucky color and the spicy hotness expresses wishes for fiery (thriving) business in the new year.

在湖南，红辣椒是在烤鱼后加入的。红色是喜庆和幸运的颜色，辛辣的辣味表达了对新一年生意火爆（兴旺）的祝愿。

5. Steamed Chicken（蒸鸡）

A whole chicken is another symbol of family. Rich in protein, one chicken is enough to feed an entire family. It represents reunion and rebirth. To express this auspicious meaning, people keep the head and claws.

整只鸡是家庭的另一个象征。因为富含蛋白质，一只鸡足够一家人享用。它代表着团圆和重生。为了表达这个吉祥的意思，人们保留了鸡头和鸡爪。

After cooking, people will first offer the chicken to the ancestors. Though only a superstition now, praying to the ancestors for blessings and protection is still a significant part of the Spring Festival and Chinese culture.

烹饪后，人们会先用鸡来献祭祖先。虽然现在只是一种迷信，但向祖先祈求幸福和保佑仍然是春节和中国文化的重要组成部分。

In Hubei, chicken soup is the first meal of the new year. It is a wish for peace. The main workers of the family should eat chicken feet, also called “phoenix claws” (凤爪). This is supposed to help them grasp onto wealth. Chicken wings help you fly higher, while the bones represent outstanding achievement.

在湖北，鸡汤是新年的第一顿饭。这是对和平的祈愿。家里的主要劳力应该吃鸡脚，也叫“凤爪”。据说这有助于他们赚大钱。鸡翅帮助你事业高飞，而鸡骨代表杰出的成就。

For the first meal, some also cook eggs. The egg white and yolk represent gold and silver and are simple gifts for friends and neighbors.

新年的第一顿饭，有些人还会煮鸡蛋。蛋白和蛋黄代表金和银，是送给朋友和邻居的小礼物。

6. Nian Gao（年糕）

Nian gao, also known as “rice cake” or “New Year cake” in English, are a must for Chinese New Year.

年糕，在英语中也被称为“米糕”或“新年蛋糕”，是中国新年的必备品。

In ancient times, nian gao were used only as offerings to the ancestors and gods. Gradually, they became a traditional dish during the Spring Festival. Now they are available every day of the year, but are still a special treat for the festival.

在古代，年糕只作为祭祀祖先和神灵的祭品。渐渐地，它们成为春节期间的一道传统菜肴。现在，一年中每天都有年糕，但它们仍然是节日里的一种特殊菜肴。

Nian gao also has the same pronunciation as 高(go, meaning tall or high). It’s a wish to be successful and “higher” each year. Every year will be better than the last. Some humorous parents like to tell their children that eating this will help them grow taller too.

年糕中“糕”的发音与“高(go)”相同。这是祈愿每一年都能成功，事业“高升”。每年都会比去年好。一些幽默的父母喜欢告诉他们孩子，说吃这个也会帮助他们长高。

They are either made of sticky glutinous rice or yellow rice, giving nian gao two major colors and textures.

它们要么由糯米制成，要么由黄米制成，赋予年糕两种主要的颜色和质地。

Nian gao was already popular during the Wei and Jin dynasties (220-420). But after more than two thousand years of development, there are a crazy amount of variations. Nian gao from northern regions and the south almost seem like entirely different things.

年糕在魏晋时期（220-420年）就已经很流行了。但是，经过两千多年的发展，出现了大量的变化。北方地区和南方地区的年糕似乎完全不同。

They are typically savory in the South. Store-bought nian gao are hard and must be boiled first. They are then steamed or cooked with vegetables and meat.

它们在南方通常很美味。商店买的年糕很硬，必须先煮。然后将它们与蔬菜或肉一起蒸或烧。

Rather than the usual batter, sugar can be added to the glutinous rice powder to make the sweet nian gao favored by the North. The batter can also include lard, rose petals, osthmanthus, hibiscus and mint for extra flavoring. For the ones with a true sweet tooth, it’s also acceptable to directly dip nian gao in white sugar.

与通常的面糊不同，可以在糯米粉中加入糖来制作北方人喜欢的甜年糕。面糊还可以包括猪油、玫瑰花瓣、蛇床草、木槿和薄荷，以增加风味。对于那些真正爱吃甜食的人来说，也可以直接将年糕蘸白糖吃。

In Beijing, the types seen are jujube nian gao (红枣年糕), hundred fruit nian gao (百果年糕) and white nian gao (白年糕). Jujube (枣) has the same pronunciation as early (早), while hundred fruit nian gao represent a cornucopia of precious gems.

在北京，常见的年糕种类有红枣年糕、百果年糕和白年糕。“枣”的发音和“早”相同，而百果年糕则象征聚宝盆。

It’s common to steam nian gao with jujube and red beans in Hebei. On the other hand, people of Shanxi and Inner Mongoliao like to deep fry the batter and add fillings of red bean paste and mashed jujube.

在河北，用红枣和红豆蒸年糕很常见。另一方面，山西人和内蒙古人喜欢把面糊炸透，并加入红豆沙和枣泥馅。

7. Vegetable Dishes （田园素炒）

Spring is the season to plant new seeds. Traditionally, the Spring Festival is the best time to finish all the vegetables stored and preserved from the winter.

春天是播种新种子的季节。传统上，春节是吃完冬季储存的所有蔬菜的最佳时间。

This dish can be called 田园素小炒(tin yun s xio cho), or countryside vegetarian stir-fry. Mushrooms, jujube and Chinese cabbage are often included, in addition to your typical greens. Some symbolic vegetables to consider are:

这道菜可以叫做田园素小炒，或乡村素食炒菜。蘑菇、大枣和大白菜通常都包括在内，除了你熟悉的那些蔬菜。可以考虑品味的一些具有象征意义的蔬菜有：

Seaweed: symbolize wealth and fortune

Lotus seeds: a blessing for many children and a healthy family

Bamboo shoots: represent longevity, as well as going onward and up

Muskmelon and grapefruit: symbolize family and hope. In addition, grapefruit symbolizes wealth and prosperity

Osmanthus flower petals: in Chinese, osmanthus (桂/gu) is a homophone 贵， which means noble and precious

Leek/chives: leek (韭/ji) sounds similar to 久， meaning long and everlasting

Poria mushrooms: another play on words, this mushroom (茯苓/f lng) sounds similar to 福禄(f l), or blessings and fortune

海藻：象征财富和好运

莲子：祈福多子多孙、家人健康

竹笋：代表长寿，和步步高升

甜瓜和葡萄柚：象征家庭和希望。此外，葡萄柚象征着财富和兴旺

桂花花瓣：在汉语里，桂花中的“桂”与“贵”谐音，寓意“高贵和珍贵”

韭菜/韭菜：韭菜中的“韭”与“久”谐音，寓意“长久”

茯苓蘑菇：又一个文字游戏，其名字中的“茯苓”听起来与“福禄”谐音，寓意“祝福”和“好运”

8. Hot Pot（火锅）

For many, hot pot is the centerpiece of Spring Festival dinners.

对许多人来说，火锅是春节晚餐的重中之重。

Hot pot is another food that has a long history. Emperor Qianlong of the Qing dynasty is the most avid fan. When he held feasts for old and retired officials, hot pot with meat were always on the menu. During his New Year’s Eve dinner, there were 120 dishes for lunch and even more for hot pot.

火锅是另一种历史悠久的食物。清朝乾隆皇帝是最狂热的粉丝。当他为老官员和退休官员举办宴会时，菜单上总是有带肉的火锅。在他的年夜饭中，午餐有120道菜，火锅的菜式还要更多。

Despite being loved by commoners and royalty alike, hot pots are actually quite basic. It’s simply a bubbling pot and plates of uncooked meat and vegetables. You can choose whatever you like to throw into the pot. Wait until it’s cooked, take it out and eat.

尽管受到平民和皇室的喜爱，但火锅实际上是相当简单的菜肴。一个沸腾的锅，再加上一盘盘生肉和蔬菜。你可以选择你想扔到锅里的任何东西。等到它熟了，夹出来吃即可。

Part of the flavor comes from the broth you choose in the pot. The other part is your own dipping sauce. There are special hot pot sauces. You can also make your own using one raw egg, sesame paste, salt, sugar, cilantro and peppers. Hot pot is an extremely customizable dish. Everything mentioned in this article can be included, even the noodles!

Some of the foods in this article, such as spring rolls and dumplings, can also be eaten outside of the main meal. Of course, there are many more snacks and desserts throughout the duration of the Spring Festival. As the TV Show “A Bite of China” (舌尖上的中国) said, even if the other ancient traditions of the Spring Festival are modernized, the food culture will never disappear.

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