新加坡国立大学硕士课程时间安排
2024-11-15
更新时间:2024-02-12 04:58:05作者:嘉佳老师
选择出国留学的同学们肯定是要考托福或者雅思的,那么托福一般的题型是怎么样的大家都知道吗,下面和出国留学网小编一起来看看2019年7月13日托福考试阅读预测。
真题来源:2015-8-22CN The Upper Paleolithic Revolution
P1: The Old Stone Age is the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It was not till around 30 thousand years ago (or 30 “kya") that the archaeological record reveals the emergence of technical and social advances, which comprised new technologies, hunting techniques, human burials, and an artistic tradition of astonishing competency. This dramatic change was known as the Upper Paleolithic Revolution. It had been traditionally argued that the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was an archaeological phenomenon exclusive to Eurasia. The absence of equivalent evidence in other regions suggested that a fundamental change had occurred in human intellectual development around 40 kya in Europe. However, the recent discovery in the Blombos Cave in South Africa of a block of decorated ochre and then sets of shell beads, dated to around 77 kya, opened up the debate. This supports other evidence of more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa from the same period. Now the Upper Paleolithic Revolution is regarded as the most noticeable evidence for the evolution of modern human behavior.
•P2: Two further questions follow. First, what was happening to the human cognitive process during the 40,000 years or so from innovative usage of stone in the Blombos Cave to the flourishing of human creativity in Europe? Second, during the Pleistocene a series of momentous climatic events occurred—was climate change then a component? The question of whether the sudden transition seen in Europe was built on earlier developments in Africa has been addressed at length by anthropologists Sally McBrearty and Alison Brooks. They argue that the whole issue of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution stems from a profound Eurocentric bias and a failure to appreciate the depth and breadth of the African archaeological record.
In fact, many South African archaeological sites show that the revolution occurred in Africa during the Middle Paleolithic—tens of thousands of years before they appeared in Europe. This is supported by evidence of using new stone tools like the blade and microlithic technology. Replication has shown that blades from the time required a high level of skill to make due to their shape, indicating a higher level of hominid complexity. At the same time, exploitation of aquatic resources began to prosper.
•P3: Contrasted with this view of a spontaneous leap in cognition among ancient 一 humans, some authors like Alison S. Brooks, primarily working in African archaeology, point to the gradual accumulation of modern behaviors, starting well before the 50,000 year benchmark of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution models. The extraordinary range of rock art in Australia adds great weight to the idea that artistic creativity was part and parcel of the intellectual capacity of modem humans that migrated out of Africa around 70 kya For the time being, the emergence of Modern humans in sub-Saharan Africa, socio-economic dynamism that caused their expansion through the Nile Valley into the Near East, and then a migration along the southern route of Asia as far as Australia is the most plausible scenario, though it still leaves much to be desired from future archaeological research.
•P4: The question of the sudden emergence of creative activity that appears to constitute the Upper Paleolithic Revolution falls to the ground. The obvious explanation is that the gap between African developments and the subsequent better-known European events is a matter of the limitations of the archaeological record. This does not altogether cover the question of why there was the sudden flowering of creativity at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic in Europe.
It may be that earlier creative efforts have either been lost in or have yet to emerge from the mists of time. Recent finds of decorative pierced shells dating from 43 kya or even earlier in caves in parts of western Asia near Europe may be examples of a process extending the evidence back in time. The changes in human behavior have also been attributed to the changes in climate during the period, which encompasses a number of global temperature drops. This meant a worsening of the already bitter climate which hence forced the ancestors of today's Europeans to move into a largely unpopulated region, their sudden presence in the archaeological record appearing revolutionary.
题目:
1. Why does the author mention a block of decorated ochre and sets of shell beads?
A. To help make the point that archaeologists regard artistic creations as the highest kind of human achievement
B. To illustrate how the discovery of certain objects makes the discovery of certain other objects more likely
C. To give some of the evidence that has changed archaeologists' thinking about human intellectual development
D. To help explain why archaeologists have been slow to recognize the importance of certain evidence available to them
2. How far back in time do the origins of the more versatile stone implements and bone tools found in Africa go
A. To around 40 kya
B. To around 77 kya
C. To the time of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution
D. To a time before modern "human” behavior had begun to evolve
3. The word "equivalent" in the passage is closest in meaning to
A. comprehensible
B. concrete
C. comparable
D. widely debated
4. According to paragraph 2, what do archaeologists want to know about the climate?
A. Whether it was a reason that humans lived in caves
B. Whether it was stable throughout that period
C. Whether it changed in similar ways in Africa and Europe
D. Whether it was a factor in how the human cognitive process developed
5. According to paragraph 2, anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks argue that archaeologists' traditional understanding of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution was flawed because
A. they underestimated available African archaeological evidence.
B. the archaeological evidence available to them contained errors.
C. they could not distinguish artistic creations from objects meant for practical use.
D. they based their judgments on the limited archaeological record available at that time.
6. Anthropologists McBrearty and Brooks consider such components of the Upper Paleolithic Revolution as blade and microlithic technology to have
A. first emerged in the Middle Paleolithic Period, in Africa rather than in Europe
B. emerged in Europe independently in many different places at different times
C. first emerged in Europe, then to have been further developed in Africa
D. been part of a similarly sudden, but earlier, cultural revolution in Africa
用户评论
每次都觉得托福阅读理解太坑了,这篇原文分析感觉还不错,至少让我知道应该重点关注哪些地方。准备下个月参加考试,希望对我的备考有帮助!
有8位网友表示赞同!
去年12月那场托福考试真是让人崩溃,写出来的文章内容总感觉不太能表达我想说的。 还是得好好学习写作技巧,这篇回顾很有帮助,让我认识到自己需要改进的地方。
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8月份的阅读真题太难了!有些句子我根本看不懂,看来我要加强词汇量积累。这篇文章分析的挺详细的,至少让我对考试方向有一个清晰的了解。
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我觉得托福写作难度很大,很难表达自己的观点清晰准确。还是得多练习,多阅读优秀的范文学习模板。
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这篇原文分析真不错,把我之前遇到的问题都点明了!特别是关于主旨句和细节之间的关系,理解透彻能省不少事。
有15位网友表示赞同!
说实话我一直不太喜欢托福的写作部分,总觉得考官对文章的要求很模糊。这篇文章回顾写得比较深入,让我明白了如何分析审题和组织思路。
有8位网友表示赞同!
我最近在备考托福阅读,发现很多同学都提到了这篇原题分析很有用,看来我也要认真地去看一看!
有11位网友表示赞同!
托福考试真的很烧脑,尤其是阅读理解部分常常让我抓狂。希望这次考试能够有所突破!这篇文章对我的备考方向给了很大的启示。
有17位网友表示赞同!
我觉得托福写作最难的是怎么在规定时间内完成。这篇回顾提到的技巧很实用,我会好好学习并尝试运用在接下来的备考过程中。
有16位网友表示赞同!
我最近遇到一个问题,就是不知道如何找出文章的关键信息,导致阅读理解效率不高。希望这篇文章能帮助我解决这个问题!
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这篇原题分析的细节处理非常到位,不仅分析了题目类型和答题技巧,还结合具体的例子进行说明,很有实用性。
有6位网友表示赞同!
看到很多同学都在夸赞这篇回顾的文章,我也想要来看看,看看能否从写作思路和表达方式上获得一些启发。
有13位网友表示赞同!
托福考试的难度真是越来越高了!我感觉阅读理解部分比以前更难懂了。这篇文章分析确实很详细,我希望能通过阅读更好的掌握考试技巧。
有12位网友表示赞同!
去年12月份的托福考试真的把我搞崩溃了,写作部分简直让我措手不及。这篇回顾让我意识到需要更加注重逻辑性和论述能力的提升。
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我认为托福阅读理解的关键在于快速把握文章结构和主旨思想。这篇文章分析的很有针对性,让我明白应该如何运用技巧快速读懂文章内容。
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虽然我是准备参加雅思考试,但是我觉得这篇原题分析的文章对备考英语能力还是有很多帮助,可以让我更全面地了解托福考试的特点和题型类型。
有10位网友表示赞同!
我一直在寻找一些有效的托福备考资料,发现这篇原创分析文章评价很高,看来应该认真学习一下!希望能对我的备考有所帮助。
有11位网友表示赞同!